By pulling out of the 2015 Paris climate accord in June 2017, President Trump created another global leadership vacuum -- soon to be filled both by French President Emmanuel Macron and Chinese President Xi. In December 2017, on the second anniversary of the Paris climate accord and in coordination with the United Nations and the World Bank, Macron chaired a One Planet summit of more than 50 heads of state and government, as well as three mega-rich individual sponsors -- Bill Gates, Michael Bloomberg, and Richard Branson -- and assumed the leadership role ceded by Trump and his administration of climate-change deniers.
In opposition to Trump, eight American states, all invested in speeding up the use of electric vehicles, remained committed to the Paris Agreement. So, too, did a private-sector coalition called America's Pledge, which promised to honor the climate goals set in 2015. According to former New York mayor Bloomberg, that pledge group "now represents half of the U.S. economy." In this way, Trump ceded leadership on what may be the single most crucial long-term issue for humanity to the French president and China's Xi.
At the meeting, Macron, the 39-year-old former investment banker, hailed the progress made so far and insisted that it was possible to create alternatives to a fossil-fuel driven global economy by expediting the steps already taken even without the United States. He then proceeded to take a jab at the American president by awarding 18 climate scientists -- most of them U.S.-based -- multimillion-euro grants to move to France for the rest of Trump's term; that is, to a country that valued their work.
Four weeks later, the French president and his wife Brigitte flew to Beijing where they were effusively welcomed by Xi and his wife, Peng Liyuan. The Chinese president recalled that France had been the first Western power to establish diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and that his country now stood ready to work closely with France to enhance cooperation not just on climate change but on China's expansive almost-trillion-dollar One Belt One Road initiative, an infrastructure and transportation project meant to link the vast Eurasian landmass in a great economic web whose heart would lie in Beijing. (These days, the only trillion-dollar "initiatives" out of Washington involve building up its national security state, the military, and the nuclear arsenal further.) This was the sort of global project that once would have been a natural for the U.S. No longer. Macron reacted enthusiastically, adding that "France would like to take an active part in the Belt and Road Initiative" since "the new roads cannot only go one way."
So from climate change to global economic integration, the U.S. was being left out in the cold. The way was now open for China -- which as early as September 2013 had begun taking groundbreaking action to clean its highly polluted air, in part by cutting the country's massive industrial use of coal -- as it pursued a global leadership role being ceded to it by the Trump administration.
China's One Belt One Road Initiative
By the time President Xi formally launched the One Belt One Road initiative (OBOR) in September 2013 along the centuries-old Silk Road that once connected Europe to China, the cargo train service that linked Yiwu (a center for more than 70,000 wholesale suppliers and manufacturers southeast of Shanghai) to European destinations was already a year old. Its first test run to Duisburg, Germany, had taken place four years earlier. Traveling through Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Poland, Germany, Belgium, France, and Spain, those freight trains took 17 days to cover about 7,700 miles, cutting in half the cost of shipping by sea (which took twice as long) and by nine-tenths the cost of airfreight (which took just three days). As the new initiative develops, it is expected that, by 2020, more than 7.5 million containers will leave cities like Yiwu for European destinations.
In short, when it comes to the economic future, Washington is losing out to Beijing. In the future, according to Chinese plans, OBOR projects will link China, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central and Western Asia, parts of the Middle East and East Africa, and Central and Eastern Europe. It will involve the construction of oil and natural gas pipelines, highways, rail lines, deep-water ports, and power plants, among other things. Financing will significantly come from Chinese banks, joint-venture funds, and -- another major Chinese initiative -- the Asian International Investment Bank.
Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen encapsulated a widely held view when he commented that "other countries have lots of ideas but no money, but with China when it comes up with an idea, it also comes up with the money."
Last May, addressing a gathering of nearly 70 national leaders and heads of international organizations in Beijing, President Xi pledged $113 billion in extra funding for the initiative and urged countries across the globe to join hands with him on the project. "We have no intention to form a small group detrimental to stability," Xi said. "What we hope to create is a big family of harmonious coexistence." Though invited to that assembly, the United States and India stayed away. U.S. Defense Secretary James Mattis caught the spirit of the American moment when he said, "In a globalized world there are many belts and roads, and no one nation should put itself in a position of dictating 'One Belt, One Road.'" But these days, the U.S. is offering neither belts nor roads to anyone.
According to The Economist, 86% of OBOR projects already underway use Chinese contractors, which allows China to employ the excess capacity it built up in steel and cement during its rapid industrialization phase. Beijing has, for instance, committed $46 billion to a China-Pakistan Economic Corridor that will involve upgrades to pipelines and highways linking western China to Pakistan's deep-water port of Gwadar on the Arabian Sea. Gwadar is less than 400 miles from the Strait of Hormuz, a crucial passageway for oil tankers. That means crude oil sent from Persian Gulf ports to China will soon begin arriving on Chinese soil by pipeline after a drastically curtailed sea journey, resulting in steep savings in time and expense.
Beijing's drive to have a footprint abroad and extend the OBOR concept beyond Eurasia, particularly to Africa, has been impressive. Between 1976 and 2016, for instance, China built five major railway lines in Africa, deploying 50,000 Chinese workers to complete the 1,150-mile Tanzania-Zambia Railway. Eight more rail projects are now underway.
At the recent World Economic Forum in Davos, Chinese officials even played up a potential OBOR project linked to a climate-change-influenced future -- a "Polar Silk Road" that, according to the New York Times, "would link China to Europe and the Atlantic via a shipping route past the melting Arctic ice cap." In this context, Donald Trump's America First policies should be considered a truly "big league" bow to the rise of China.
Meanwhile, in the Middle East...
What about that other great power highlighted in the Trump National Security Strategy's return to the Cold War? Russia, a petro-state with an economy the size of Italy's, is no longer exactly the "evil empire" of the Soviet era. Still, Russian President Vladimir Putin has three strong cards in his hand: a rehabilitated, enlarged military backed by a robust defense industry; the second highest oil output in the world at a time when oil prices are climbing; and the all-purpose Rosatom State Atomic Energy Corporation which offers the nuclear industry's entire range of products and services, and runs all of Russia's 360 civilian and military nuclear facilities. Those assets are capped by Putin's 18 years in high office, which have enabled him to see the fruition of his policies in a way no American president could.
By using Russian forces to intervene in the Syrian civil war in September 2015, Putin helped turn the tide in favor of Syria's autocratic president, Bashar al-Assad. His alliance with Assad had three dimensions: Syria's historic links to the Soviet Union in the Cold War era; the Kremlin's desire to have a naval facility in the Mediterranean after the loss of such a port in Libya when Muammar Gaddafi fell in 2011; and his doctrine that any group that takes up arms against an internationally recognized government is a terrorist organization.
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