Writing in Science Journal, the researchers describe how they compared this draft sequence with the genomes of modern people from around the globe. "The comparison of these two genetic sequences enables us to find out where our genome differs from that of our closest relative," said Professor Paabo.
The results show that the genomes of non-Africans (from Europe, China and New Guinea) are closer to the Neanderthal sequence than are those from Africa. The most likely explanation, say the researchers, is that there was limited mating, or "gene flow", between Neanderthals and the ancestors of present-day Eurasians.
This must have taken place just as people were leaving Africa, while they were still part of one pioneering population. This mixing could have taken place either in North Africa, the Levant or the Arabian Peninsula, say the researchers.
In fact, Science mag was so taken with the new work they have devoted multiple sections of their website to an exploration of what we know about Neanderthals. It's well worth spending time reading. Much of the information has been made free in honor of this momentous occasion though some parts do require a paid subscription.
Images as linked; Professor Paabo, DNA, Red-head Neanderthal, Neanderthal Range map, Initial pub: http://www.examiner.com/x-44168-Philadelphia-Freethought-Examiner~y2010m5d10-Neanderthal-genome--our-redheaded-musclebound-siblings-live-on-within-us
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