"One of the things that satisfy me when I look back is when we developed the essential drug list and essential list of surgical consumables for the government of Delhi, and then carried out procurement. Through a little simplification of the managerial process of procurement of drugs and surgical consumables, the cost to the health system came down by 40%" said Dr Sachdeva sharing this pivotal incident which took place almost 15 years back. This saving means that the government can serve more people with the same resource allocation. The cost of procurement was almost INR 500 crores at that time. So a 40% saving translated into savings of over INR 200 crores (INR 2 billion). "Back then the shortage of drugs we used to see in Delhi government dispensaries and hospitals actually become non-existent because of the essential drug programme" he added.
Strengthening India's laboratory capacity to detect drug resistance
Soon after entering the public health arena from clinical domain, Dr Sachdeva moved to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare of Government of India and joined the Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP). "When I had joined RNTCP, the programme catered only to patients of drug-sensitive TB and patients of drug-resistant TB were not attended at all. So we began rolling out the programme for drug-resistant TB way back in 2007," shared Dr Sachdeva.
Accurately diagnosing drug-resistant TB and treating people with effective drugs are some of the essential components of programmatic management of drug-resistant TB. But in 2007, very few laboratories existed in India that could ably test drug resistance. These laboratories are technically complex and financially resource intensive to establish. These laboratories are bio-safety level III (BSL-III) laboratories where solid, liquid cultures and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Line Probe Assays and other tests are done for drug resistant TB.
"One major challenge was that in 2007 there were hardly any laboratories that could detect drug resistant TB. So our major thrust was in developing infrastructure for programmatic management of drug-resistant TB (PMDT). Between 2007 and 2016, close to 650 molecular diagnostics facilities (almost one in each district); 50 Line Probe Assays (LPAs) laboratories, about 40 odd liquid culture laboratories, and 50 odd solid culture laboratories have been established in the country. The number of patients of drug-resistant TB who have cumulatively been put on treatment is over 125,000. Had we not started this programme back then, and not expanded it in an exponential way, we would not have been able to address the challenge and difficulties of these [drug resistant TB] patients today. Through our treatment for drug-resistant TB alone we have saved 60,000 - 70,000 lives, improved quality of life and reduced suffering of the patients' family," shared Dr Sachdeva.
Testing TB patients for HIV was vital for public health
TB continues to be a lead killer of people living with HIV (PLHIV). If latent TB (not active TB disease) or active TB disease is diagnosed early in PLHIV, then TB can be treated. TB is curable. Testing TB patients for HIV makes enormous public health sense and is one of the key components of TB-HIV collaborative activities.
"Initially only those TB patients who reported a high risk behaviour were offered HIV testing in the national TB programme. But in 2007-2008 we stressed on making the coordination between TB and HIV a more holistic one and that is how we began offering HIV testing to every TB patient. Operational research studies done in 2014-2015 show that if we offer HIV screening to even those people who are presumed to have TB or are symptomatic for TB, it results in a good yield of new HIV cases, thus leading to very early diagnosis at times. So we introduced the policy of provider-initiated testing and counselling (PITC) of presumptive TB patients and diagnosed TB patients for HIV. PITC yield of new HIV cases is over 2% to HIV programmes, which is the highest percentage contribution compared to other such initiatives in key populations for HIV," shared Dr Sachdeva. People testing positive for HIV seek care from existing government facilities offering HIV related care and ART.
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