[23] See Irene Maxine Pepperberg, The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999).
[24] See “Monkeys ‘grasp basic grammar,’” BBC News (January 22, 2004), http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3413865.stm. Among the most remarkable forms of communication is how elephants transmit meanings through vibrations in the Earth which they “hear” with their feet. On how bonobos and chimps communicate through gestures, see Rowan Hooper, “Bonobos and chimps 'speak’ with gestures,” NewScientist.com (April 30, 2007), click here
[25] See David Whitehouse, “Monkeys show sense of justice,” BBC News (September 17, 2003), http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3116678.stm; and Marc Bekoff and Jessica Pierce, Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).
[26] See Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan, Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors (New York: Ballantine Books, 1993). There is a vast literature on the empathetic and caring aspects of animal life, such that “anecdotal evidence” eventually adds up to a verified truth. Thanks to You Tube, we also have a bank of video evidence of such instance, including videos of a crow caring for a kitten, a dog running into freeway traffic to save another dog already hit, and a massive tiger running to greet a human companion from which he was separated for many years.
[27] Peter Kropotkin, Ethics: Origin and Development (Montreal and New York: Black Rose Books, 1992).
[28] See “Chimps are cultured creatures,” BBC News (June 16, 1999), http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/370807.stm.
[29] See Barbara Smuts, “Orangutan Technology: How did the great apes get to be so smart?” Scientific American (November 22, 2004), click here
[30] See Frans de Wall, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes; Dario Maestripieri, Machiavellian Intelligence: How Rhesus Macaques and Humans Have Conquered the World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007); and Natalie Angier, “Political Animals (Yes, Animals),” The New York Times (January 28, 2008), http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/science/22angi.html.
[31] See Ursula Dickie and Gerard Roth, “Animal Intelligence and the Evolution of the Human Mind,” Scientific American (August 2008), click here
[32] See Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Roger Lewin, Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994).
[33] See Claude Levi-Strauss, The Savage Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968); and Marc D. Hauser, Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2000).
[34] Hauser, p. 257.
[35] Murray Bookchin, The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy (Berkeley, California: AK Press, 2005).
[36] See Eytan Avital and Eva Jablonka, Eva, Animal Traditions: Behavioural Inheritance in Evolution (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000). A famous example of animal culture is the case of the macaque monkeys on the island of Koshima. In 1950, Japanese sociologists witnessed how one monkey discovered the benefits of washing sweet potatoes in a stream, a practice which other monkeys adopted and continues to this day. As documented by video cameras, chimpanzees teach the signs to their young and even use them expressively apart from the company of their human “teachers.” In another example of cultural transmission of knowledge, blue tit birds learned that milk bottles a new source of food from observing one another and the behavior spread all across England. Finally, studies have shown that dolphins in Australia use sea sponges to protect their snouts when foraging, and teach this practice to their young [see Rowan Hooper, “Dolphins teach their children to use sponges.” NewScientist.com (June 2005), http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7475].
[37] See de Wall, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes, and Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals.
[38] Frans de Wall, Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals, p. 207.
[24] See “Monkeys ‘grasp basic grammar,’” BBC News (January 22, 2004), http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3413865.stm. Among the most remarkable forms of communication is how elephants transmit meanings through vibrations in the Earth which they “hear” with their feet. On how bonobos and chimps communicate through gestures, see Rowan Hooper, “Bonobos and chimps 'speak’ with gestures,” NewScientist.com (April 30, 2007), click here
[25] See David Whitehouse, “Monkeys show sense of justice,” BBC News (September 17, 2003), http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3116678.stm; and Marc Bekoff and Jessica Pierce, Wild Justice: The Moral Lives of Animals (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).
[26] See Carl Sagan and Ann Druyan, Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors (New York: Ballantine Books, 1993). There is a vast literature on the empathetic and caring aspects of animal life, such that “anecdotal evidence” eventually adds up to a verified truth. Thanks to You Tube, we also have a bank of video evidence of such instance, including videos of a crow caring for a kitten, a dog running into freeway traffic to save another dog already hit, and a massive tiger running to greet a human companion from which he was separated for many years.
[28] See “Chimps are cultured creatures,” BBC News (June 16, 1999), http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/370807.stm.
[29] See Barbara Smuts, “Orangutan Technology: How did the great apes get to be so smart?” Scientific American (November 22, 2004), click here
[30] See Frans de Wall, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes; Dario Maestripieri, Machiavellian Intelligence: How Rhesus Macaques and Humans Have Conquered the World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007); and Natalie Angier, “Political Animals (Yes, Animals),” The New York Times (January 28, 2008), http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/science/22angi.html.
[31] See Ursula Dickie and Gerard Roth, “Animal Intelligence and the Evolution of the Human Mind,” Scientific American (August 2008), click here
[32] See Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Roger Lewin, Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994).
[33] See Claude Levi-Strauss, The Savage Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968); and Marc D. Hauser, Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2000).
[34] Hauser, p. 257.
[35] Murray Bookchin, The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy (Berkeley, California: AK Press, 2005).
[36] See Eytan Avital and Eva Jablonka, Eva, Animal Traditions: Behavioural Inheritance in Evolution (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000). A famous example of animal culture is the case of the macaque monkeys on the island of Koshima. In 1950, Japanese sociologists witnessed how one monkey discovered the benefits of washing sweet potatoes in a stream, a practice which other monkeys adopted and continues to this day. As documented by video cameras, chimpanzees teach the signs to their young and even use them expressively apart from the company of their human “teachers.” In another example of cultural transmission of knowledge, blue tit birds learned that milk bottles a new source of food from observing one another and the behavior spread all across England. Finally, studies have shown that dolphins in Australia use sea sponges to protect their snouts when foraging, and teach this practice to their young [see Rowan Hooper, “Dolphins teach their children to use sponges.” NewScientist.com (June 2005), http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7475].
[37] See de Wall, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes, and Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals.
[38] Frans de Wall, Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals, p. 207.
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