[7] J. B. Bury, The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into its Origin and Growth (New York: Dover Publications, 1960: 160-161).
[8] See Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines. When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1999); and Hans Moravec, Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988).
[9] In The Postmodern Adventure, Kellner and I sketch the possibility of a fifth discontinuity that could emerge either from the possibility of a superior alien intelligence or from genetic engineering of advanced posthuman types.
[10] Richard Ryder, Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Toward Speciesism (Oxford and New York: Berg, 2000: 247).
[11] Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Humankind: A Brief History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004: 62).
[12] Richard Corbey, The Metaphysics of Apes: Negotiating the Animal-Human Boundary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). The citation is from his summary of this book at: click here
[13] Armesto, Humankind, p. 130.
[14] See “Chimps genetically close to humans,” BBC News (Tuesday, 20 May, 2003), http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3042781.stm.
[15] Jared Diamond, The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1992).
[16] Peter Singer and Paola Cavalieri, The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994).
[17] See Donald Griffin, Animal Thinking (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1984); and Animal Minds: Beyond Cognition to Consciousness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
[18] In a review of Griffin’s Animal Thinking, E. A. Wasserman concluded, “No statement concerning consciousness in animals is open to verification and experimentation” (cited in Griffin, Animal Minds, p. 147). This is simply false, for the ethological literature abounds with examples of ingenious experiments which have been designed to test the emotional sensitivities and intelligence of animals. Marc Hauser’s book, Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think, discusses experimental designs where hypotheses about animal emotions and minds are confirmed, refuted, or left uncertain.
[19] See Roger Fouts, Next of Kin: What Chimpanzees Have Taught Me About Who We Are (New York: William Morro and Company, 1997); Frans de Wall, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989); and Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1996); Marc Bekoff, The Emotional Lives of Animals: A Leading Scientist Explores Animal Joy, Sorry, and Empathy – and Why They Matter (Novato, California: New World Library, 2007); and Animals Matter: A Biologist Explains Why We Should Treat Animals with Compassion and Respect (Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, 2007); Steve Wise, Rattling the Cage: Toward Legal Rights for Animals (Perseus Books: Cambridge, Mass., 2000); and Drawing the Line: Science and the Case for Animal Rights (Perseus Books: Cambridge, Mass. 2002).
[20] See John T. Bonner, The Evolution of Culture in Animals (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1980).
[21] Jeffrey Masson and Susan McCarthy, When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Lives of Animals (New York: Delacorte Press, 1995).
[22] See, for instance, Rebecca Morelle, “Birds show off their dance moves,” BBC News (April 30, 2009), http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8026592.stm.
[8] See Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines. When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1999); and Hans Moravec, Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988).
[9] In The Postmodern Adventure, Kellner and I sketch the possibility of a fifth discontinuity that could emerge either from the possibility of a superior alien intelligence or from genetic engineering of advanced posthuman types.
[10] Richard Ryder, Animal Revolution: Changing Attitudes Toward Speciesism (Oxford and New York: Berg, 2000: 247).
[12] Richard Corbey, The Metaphysics of Apes: Negotiating the Animal-Human Boundary (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). The citation is from his summary of this book at: click here
[13] Armesto, Humankind, p. 130.
[14] See “Chimps genetically close to humans,” BBC News (Tuesday, 20 May, 2003), http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3042781.stm.
[15] Jared Diamond, The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1992).
[16] Peter Singer and Paola Cavalieri, The Great Ape Project: Equality Beyond Humanity (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994).
[17] See Donald Griffin, Animal Thinking (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1984); and Animal Minds: Beyond Cognition to Consciousness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
[18] In a review of Griffin’s Animal Thinking, E. A. Wasserman concluded, “No statement concerning consciousness in animals is open to verification and experimentation” (cited in Griffin, Animal Minds, p. 147). This is simply false, for the ethological literature abounds with examples of ingenious experiments which have been designed to test the emotional sensitivities and intelligence of animals. Marc Hauser’s book, Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think, discusses experimental designs where hypotheses about animal emotions and minds are confirmed, refuted, or left uncertain.
[19] See Roger Fouts, Next of Kin: What Chimpanzees Have Taught Me About Who We Are (New York: William Morro and Company, 1997); Frans de Wall, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989); and Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1996); Marc Bekoff, The Emotional Lives of Animals: A Leading Scientist Explores Animal Joy, Sorry, and Empathy – and Why They Matter (Novato, California: New World Library, 2007); and Animals Matter: A Biologist Explains Why We Should Treat Animals with Compassion and Respect (Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, 2007); Steve Wise, Rattling the Cage: Toward Legal Rights for Animals (Perseus Books: Cambridge, Mass., 2000); and Drawing the Line: Science and the Case for Animal Rights (Perseus Books: Cambridge, Mass. 2002).
[20] See John T. Bonner, The Evolution of Culture in Animals (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1980).
[21] Jeffrey Masson and Susan McCarthy, When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Lives of Animals (New York: Delacorte Press, 1995).
[22] See, for instance, Rebecca Morelle, “Birds show off their dance moves,” BBC News (April 30, 2009), http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8026592.stm.
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