J.F.: Well, to kind of give a mixed answer to the mixed bag of questions, which are great by the way, I'm interested in that and I've become more interested in the past couple of years in the questions you talk about and it's one of the ways that I've refocused all my research in the past years and what we're actively doing now. I think, you know I've talked to the other people, the psychiatrist and the geneticists that I work with. Who are the shamans in these early cultures and some that exist today? Those are the schizophrenics, of course, and then who are the ones that are the leaders? Who got this fearless dominance and who, well they're the people who can organize the real aggressives that have the D-4 or dopamine-four allele that makes people want to give over the mountain and have sex with everybody on the other side of the mount. So we try to pick this apart genetically. Now, to your question about the origins of war, well. you know a couple of years ago-
R.K.: No-
J.F.: Go ahead.
R.K.: I didn't say anything about war, that's on my list I want to talk about it so go ahead, but, maybe we'll tie it all together.
J.F.: Okay. And so as I started looking at myself a bit, becoming more interested in the etiology of the psychopaths and murderers and non-murderers, I got involved with a project called Med-Gene to look at this and I got a call from the Discovery Channel. They said, where are you going next and I told them and they said, let's have a film crew follow you around. We went to the Sahara Desert, the deep desert, and I wanted to test the nomadic Berbers, the nomadic Bedouins, those tribes and test them genetically and interview them to see what the warrior genes... what's the distribution of them in this. This group because nomads... these are people before settling down into cities and it kind of recreated what it was twelve thousand years ago, like you said, and we did that analysis and we're going to do more of those types of analysis in North Africa, in the Levant, you know, in Palestine and parts of Europe. We're interested in this to see how these warrior cultures are perpetuated. How you get transgenerational violence. How it can skip generations and how you can maintain a very stable feature that increases the level of aggression of certain societies and the reason why it's never gotten rid of. Very interested in that, we've started these studies on it and so I'm simpatico with the point you made about that so, yeah, we're going after the answers to those with genetics and imaging.
R.K.: Now you just made a leap though. You went from calling them Berber Bedouin nomads to warrior culture. Could you explain that?
J.F.: Well, the idea would be that they would not because they were not really a warrior culture. Particularly, when I went and interviewed them, all of the elders, the women, the kids, they couldn't remember a time when they had a killing. Four hundred years on either side and the fact they weren't. And so the idea is that these nomads would have the same genetic structure as kind of the pre-war people that we were. So they were exactly the opposite we thought. Well, when we tested them they had the same exact distribution as southern Italians and Sicilians of warrior genes. It was the same and so that kind of threw us off and I started to wonder what it was and then really had to start considering the effect not only of early upbringing, but of the environment, the physical environment, the harshness of it, and how they adjudicate burgeoning fights and violence and they have a way of doing it that seems to really lower the amount of violence. They let their kids, they let the people fight it out for awhile and then they bring the elders in and they make a decision. So, that was a curveball so, in fact, they are not really a warrior culture in either one, but they show the same distribution as other warrior cultures of genetics. So, there's something other than genetics.
R.K.: What's the percentage now? What is the warrior gene and how does it manifest and what are the percentage of people that have it?
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