Take, for instance, the $773 billion budget request that the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) submitted this April for fiscal year (FY) 2023. Look over its proposed expenditures and you'll get a pretty good idea of the Pentagon's priorities and, by extension, those of the Biden administration.
According to the DoD's budget documents, $56.5 billion is being sought for new combat aircraft, $41 billion for new ships, $34 billion for the "modernization" of America's nuclear arsenal, $25 billion for missile defense, $20 billion for artillery and armored vehicles, and $135 billion for "combat readiness" and training activities. Oh yes, and $3 billion is being sought to address the effects of climate change on the U.S. military.
Under the circumstances, it's striking that the Pentagon's budget request even acknowledges the risk of global warming, given the lack of attention it was accorded in the past. Nonetheless, that paltry financial contribution to climate action mainly meant to deal with the destructive impact of future severe storms on this country's military bases is already being overshadowed by preparations for a possible conflict with China and/or Russia. As the Pentagon put it all too directly: "The President's Budget request for FY 2023 reflects DoD's clear focus on deterring and, if necessary, denying potential People's Republic of China (PRC) and Russian aggression against Allies and partners."
Such language, in fact, is used to justify virtually every item in the budget, including all those planes, ships, guns, bombs, and missiles. Similar terms are also used to describe the missions U.S. forces are being trained to perform. A discussion of Army planning puts it this way, for example: "The Army's Modernization Strategy enables American land power dominance to meet the demands of great power competition and great power conflict, as demonstrated by evolving threats in the Indo-Pacific and European theaters."
Such passages reveal the dominant mindset of this moment. From the perspective of American leaders and their military strategists as well, undoubtedly, as those in Russia and China meeting the demands of "great power competition and great power conflict" is the defining task of our moment and will remain so, in President Biden's words, "for the years and decades to come." In such an environment, climate change, as the key peril of our moment, functionally recedes or simply disappears from all such agendas.
The Suspension of International Dialogue and Cooperation
Slowing the pace of climate change requires action at many levels but can only succeed if all nations agree to work together in reducing carbon emissions. Setting and meeting international targets for such reductions could insure that progress in any one country is matched elsewhere. This was, of course, the guiding principle of the Paris Climate Summit of December 2015, which resulted in a pledge by 196 countries to take concrete steps to limit warming to a maximum of 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Every year since then, the signers of the Paris Climate Agreement have met to review their (supposed) progress in adopting concrete measures aimed at achieving that objective. The most recent meeting officially, the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP 26) of the International Framework Convention on Climate Change was convened last November in Glasgow, Scotland, attracting massive media attention. Although COP 26 achieved no major breakthroughs, its summit declaration did at least call on participating states to "phase down" their use of coal and take other steps aimed at curbing fossil fuels.
Many attendees at the Glasgow event expressed the hope that the next meeting, scheduled for this November in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, would codify numerous proposals discussed at COP 26 for reducing fossil-fuel consumption. Sadly, however, it's no longer conceivable that China, Russia, the U.S., and the countries of the European Union (EU) will be able to work in any faintly harmonious fashion toward that goal. Russia has already demonstrated its disinclination to talk with the West on such vital matters by sabotaging negotiations aimed at restoring the nuclear agreement with Iran. Given increasingly hostile relations between Beijing and Washington, don't count on those two countries, the world's leading emitters of carbon, to cooperate on anything significant either.
In short, such international cooperation, never overwhelming to begin with, now appears to have reached a dead end, which means that efforts to keep warming from exceeding 1.5 degrees Celsius are almost certain to fail. Indeed, given the current state of great-power relations, the fallback limit of 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) is likely to be overtaken all too soon with calamitous results when it comes to increasing drought, desertification, intensifying storms, ever-more devastating fires, and other nightmarish outcomes.
Breaking with Russia: Fossil Fuels Forever
As an example of where we're headed in this Ukraine war moment, consider Europe's drive to eliminate its reliance on Russian fossil-fuel imports. Although the EU countries have indeed made far more ambitious plans than the other major powers to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels over the coming decades, they remain highly reliant on oil, coal, and natural gas for a large share of their energy needs. Moreover, much of their supply of those fuels is imported, especially from Russia. Astonishingly, in 2020 that country supplied approximately 43% percent of the EU's natural gas imports, 29% percent of its oil, and 54% of its coal. Now, thanks to the Russian invasion, the EU is seeking to reduce those percentages to zero. "We must become independent from Russian oil, coal, and gas," declared Ursula von der Leyen, president of the EU's executive arm. "We simply cannot rely on a supplier who explicitly threatens us."
In consonance with such an approach, the EU announced plans to "make Europe independent from Russian fossil fuels well before 2030." And those plans do indeed involve increased reliance on renewable sources of energy, especially wind and solar power. Such efforts, however, will take significant time to implement and, until then, Europe is anxiously seeking increased oil and gas deliveries from other countries to offset a severe energy shortage (and soaring fuel prices). That reality, in turn, has prompted potential suppliers to invest yet more funds in increased oil and gas output moves likely to result in a greater, not lesser, long-term commitment to fossil-fuel production and consumption.
This is especially true in the case of European gas imports. Natural gas, the least carbon-intensive of the fossil fuels, has become popular in Europe as a substitute for coal in electricity generation. Its use, however, does result in significant carbon emissions and its extraction often also leads to substantial releases of methane, another dangerous greenhouse gas. Europe currently relies on natural gas for approximately 25% of its net energy consumption and now, committed as it is to eliminating Russian gas by 2030, its countries are desperate to find alternative suppliers. In practice, this will mean increased imports of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Because many key gas producers notably Australia, Nigeria, Qatar, and the United States lie too far from Europe to deliver it via pipelines, they will have to ship it as LNG. This, in turn, will require the construction of costly new LNG export facilities abroad and import facilities in Europe, committing both sides ever more firmly to a long-term reliance on gas production.
Thanks to a March 25th agreement between the EU and the United States, for example, this country will be supplying 50 billion cubic meters of LNG to Europe annually by 2030 (about double the amount shipped in 2020). To do so, 10 or more new LNG export facilities will have to be constructed in the U.S. and a similar number of import terminals in Europe. Such projects will cumulatively cost hundreds of billions of dollars, while ensuring that natural gas continues to play a prominent role in European energy consumption (and U.S. energy extraction), potentially for decades to come.
Kissing Earth Goodbye
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