As part of Canada's post British rule aid efforts, Canadian troops trained armed forces in various African countries in the 1960s. In Ghana, Nigeria, Zambia and Tanzania, Canada endeavoured "to fill in the vacuum left by the withdrawal of British officers and training facilities," notes Professor Robert Matthews. Military historian Sean Maloney further explains: "These teams consisted of regular army officers who, at the 'operational level,' trained military personnel of these new Commonwealth countries to increase their professionalism. The strategic function, particularly of the 83-man team in Tanzania, was to maintain a Western presence to counter Soviet and Chinese bloc political and military influence."
In 1966 Ghana's Canadian-trained army overthrew Kwame Nkrumah, a leading pan-Africanist president. After Nkrumah's removal the Canadian High Commissioner boasted about the effectiveness of Canada's Junior Staff Officers training program. Writing to the undersecretary of external affairs, C.E. McGaughey noted, "all the chief participants of the coup were graduates of this course." (Canadian major Bob Edwards, who was a training advisor to the commander of a Ghanaian infantry brigade, discovered preparations for the coup the day before its execution, but said nothing.)
After Ghana won its independence the CF organized and oversaw a Junior Staff Officers course and took up a number of top positions in the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence. In the words of Canada's military attache' to Ghana, Colonel Desmond Deane-Freeman, the Canadians in these positions imparted "our way of thinking". Celebrating the influence of "our way of thinking", High Commissioner McGaughey wrote the undersecretary of external affairs in 1965 that "since independence, it [Ghana's military] has changed in outlook, perhaps less than any other institution. It is still equipped with Western arms and although essentially non-political, is Western oriented."
When today's internal documents are made available, they will likely show that Canadian military training initiatives continue to influence the continent's politics in ways that run counter to most Africans' interests.
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