The development of national independence and the concomitant breakdown of imperialism represent advances in the human condition. But global problems such as war, environmental catastrophe, and disease pandemics require a further stage in human development: the interdependence of nations.

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As Americans and people of other former colonies recognize, there's a great deal to be said for national independence.

But, at times, we might also wonder: is it sufficient?

Until recently in human history, imperialism was widespread. In 1939, Britain's Empire and Commonwealth alone had direct or de facto political and economic control of 25 percent of the world's population and 30 percent of its land mass. In fact, only a century ago, nearly half of today's independent nations were European colonies.

Imperialism, of course, had severe drawbacks. For the colonized, these drawbacks included genocide, enslavement, exploitation, and the looting of resources. But the colonizers, too, despite the vast riches acquired by a small minority among them, suffered losses. They perished in imperialist wars, died of starvation and diseases, and became infected by arrogance, brutality and racism. Above all, imperialism denied people in the colonies the right to self-government and, therefore, the right to determine the future of their own nations.

But World War II destabilized the imperialist system and, also, discredited it. As a result, a vast wave of decolonization occurred in the aftermath of the war, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. Although there are still holdouts from the worldwide anti-imperialist approach-- Vladimir Putin, committed to annexing Ukraine, Benjamin Netanyahu, battling to prevent Palestinian statehood, and Donald Trump, constantly demanding new territory-- for the most part national independence has become the acceptable norm.

The problem, however, is that although national independence is preferable to imperialist domination, it does not get us very far toward solving some of the world's most pressing problems.

Perhaps the most serious of the problems facing us today is war, with wars currently raging throughout large portions of the world. Global military spending continues to soar (reaching $2.9 trillion in 2025), with enormous increases already slated for the future. The result is-- and seems likely to continue to be-- an enormous loss of lives and economic resources.

Nuclear weapons, of course, threaten to turn war into a catastrophe almost beyond human comprehension, annihilating virtually all life on earth. And yet, in a sharp break with the nuclear arms control and disarmament measures of past decades, the nuclear powers have recently abandoned their commitment to reducing and, ultimately, abolishing the nuclear menace. Having increased their nuclear spending by 19 percent in 2025, they are currently developing a dazzling array of new nuclear weapons.

How are nations going to deal with the immense problem of war and modern weaponry without collective action? Certainly, the solution to the problem does not lie in the hands of any one nation.

If human beings, as well as other species, are not exterminated in the near future by war, they are likely to face gradual extinction by environmental catastrophe. Global warming, the loss of biodiversity, air pollution, deforestation, melting ice caps, sea level rise, soil degradation, overfishing, and a host of other ills are already here and leading to an increasingly unsustainable, unlivable future. Meanwhile, intense heat, raging wildfires, and massive floods are destroying agriculture and sending millions of desperate climate refugees fleeing from their homelands.

Effective protection of the world's environment surpasses the ability of any one nation, however well-meaning. Surely it is a global matter, requiring global cooperation.

Diseases, of course, also transcend national lines. The COVID-19 pandemic, for example, caused between 15 million and 18 million deaths in nations around the world. But, of course, in recent decades there have been other disease epidemics and pandemics that have shown no regard for national boundaries, including HIV/AIDS, malaria, influenza, hepatitis, SARS, swine flu, dengue fever, Western African Ebola, mpox, MERS, and cholera.

When it comes to diseases, there has been widespread recognition that a global approach is necessary. As a result, 192 nations belong to the World Health Organization (WHO). Three nations, however, stubbornly resist WHO membership. The United States is one of them, thanks to the decision of U.S. President Trump to withdraw from it.

Numerous other challenges-- including widespread poverty, the irresponsible behavior of multinational corporations, mass migration, resource scarcity, and the risks of advanced technologies like artificial intelligence-- also suggest the need for global collaboration.

These kinds of global issues are frequently discussed at the United Nations, leading to statements made by the UN Secretary-General and other UN officials that appeal for remedial action. But, unfortunately, some nations, and especially the great powers, which seem less committed to global betterment than to their own national agendas, have seen to it that the United Nations is denied the authority and the resources to adequately address these challenges. Russia, for example, has repeatedly vetoed UN Security Council resolutions calling for an end to its continued military invasion, occupation, and annexation of Ukraine. For its part, the United States has compiled a debt of nearly $4 billion to the cash-strapped United Nations by halting its payments for UN dues and UN peacekeeping operations.

The logical solution to the frustration of collective action is to strengthen the United Nations. Several proposals have been advanced along these lines, including enhancing the power of the General Assembly and limiting the veto in the Security Council. In addition, a campaign has recently been launched to reduce the obstacles to more effective UN action in global affairs by employing Article 109 of the UN Charter to hold a UN Charter review conference. If this conference were held and the Charter revised, it could transform world organization into what the campaign calls "a stronger, fairer, and more inclusive international system."

But the strengthening of the United Nations won't occur automatically. It will require worldwide public pressure, driven by citizens' organizations committed to peace, environmental sustainability, public health, and other global imperatives. Ultimately, it's up to these organizations and to their allies among wise public officials to secure the next great shift in human consciousness and behavior-- a shift from a parochial national independence to the interdependence of nations.

Lawrence S. Wittner (https://www.lawrenceswittner.com/ ) is Professor of History Emeritus at SUNY/Albany and the author of Confronting the Bomb (Stanford University Press).

Authors Bio:
Lawrence Wittner is Professor of History Emeritus at the State University of New York/Albany, where he taught courses on U.S. diplomatic history, international history, and social justice movements from 1974 to 2010. He taught in previous years at Hampton Institute (now Hampton University), Vassar College, and at the University of Tokyo and other Japanese universities (under the Fulbright program).

During his academic career, Lawrence Wittner served as president of the Peace History Society and as convener of the Peace History Commission of the International Peace Research Association. He also recently completed a term as co-chair of the national board of Peace Action (the largest grassroots peace organization in the United States). In 2016, he was elected by the voters of New York?s 20th congressional district as a Bernie Sanders delegate to the Democratic national convention. He currently serves as a board member of the Peace Action Fund of New York State and of the Citizens for Global Solutions Education Fund, as well as a member of the executive committee of the Albany County Central Federation of Labor (AFL-CIO).

A former co-editor of the journal Peace & Change, Lawrence Wittner is the author or editor of thirteen books, including Rebels Against War, American Intervention in Greece, Peace Action, Working for Peace and Justice, and the award-winning scholarly trilogy, The Struggle Against the Bomb, which is available in abbreviated form as Confronting the Bomb (Stanford University Press). His hundreds of published articles and book reviews have appeared in journals, magazines, newspapers, and online publications around the world. He has given lectures about peace, war, and nuclear disarmament in dozens of nations and has delivered addresses about such issues at the Norwegian Nobel Institute and at the United Nations.

Further information about him can be found on his website, https://www.lawrenceswittner.com/.