During seven years of confinement, Assange had suffered "a number of serious deleterious effects of sunlight deprivation," she wrote, including "neuropsychological impairment, weakened bones, decreased immune function, and increased risk for cardiovascular disease and cancer." He also displayed physical and psychological symptoms as a result of "prolonged social isolation and sensory deprivation."
"I believe the psychological, physical, and social [aftereffects] will be long-lasting and severe," Crosby wrote.
Assange was expelled from the Ecuadorian Embassy and arrested by British authorities on April 11, three days after her letter was sent to the U.N. and the Council of Europe. He is now in prison in Britain on charges of jumping bail, but also faces an indictment in the United States on a hacking charge in connection with the 2010 publication of classified U.S. documents obtained from former Army intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning. Assange has been charged in the U.S. with trying to help Manning crack a government password; he also faces the possibility of a renewed investigation by Sweden into sexual assault charges. His lawyers have vowed to fight his extradition.
Assange sought refuge in Ecuador's Embassy in 2012, when Sweden was seeking his extradition in the sexual assault case, and remained in the embassy until his arrest last Thursday. British officials repeatedly vowed to arrest him for jumping bail if he ever set foot outside the embassy.
In 2012, when Ecuador agreed to give Assange refuge, the country had a leftist president, Rafael Correa, who was sympathetic to the WikiLeaks founder. But Ecuador's current president, Lenà n Moreno, has been far less tolerant of Assange and grew impatient with his presence in the embassy.
Both before and since his arrest and expulsion from the embassy, Assange has been criticized and mocked for his erratic behavior. But Crosby's observations and statements make it clear that he has suffered severe psychological harm.
Crosby wrote in her letter to the U.N. and the Council of Europe that Assange suffered from "multiple medical conditions" that had become "more complex and urgent" over the two years she had evaluated him. "He has no ability to access necessary medical care, and he does not have access to the outdoors and sunlight. Even minimum standards for prisoners dictate at least one hour of sunlight daily and access to natural light."
While the British government and Assange's many critics say that it was his choice to stay in the embassy, Crosby argues that Assange was denied the fundamental right to health care that should have been afforded to him as a refugee.
In her April 8 letter, Crosby wrote that the "highest priority" for Assange's medical care was his "critical need for an oral surgery procedure," adding that "the severe daily pain" from his dental condition is "inhumane." She had consulted with a dentist who had examined Assange, she wrote, and learned that the dental surgery could not be performed in the embassy. In her letter, Crosby says that the British government had repeatedly rejected requests to give Assange safe passage to a hospital for treatment.
In addition to Crosby, Dr. Brock Chisholm, a British clinical psychologist who was previously retained as an expert witness in a case involving allegations of torture at CIA black sites, evaluated Assange over the past two years. Dr. Sean Love, now at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, initially met with Assange and arranged for an introduction to Crosby and Chisholm, but did not conduct any of the evaluations. Love said that Assange and WikiLeaks gave the doctors permission to make Crosby's affidavit and letter public.
Love criticized the British government for denying Assange medical care while he was in the embassy.
"Whatever you think of his politics, he is a human being," Love said, "and under international law, he deserved to be treated fairly and not in cruel or inhumane ways."
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