Then, in February 2014, al-Qaeda's leadership disavowed an even more brutal jihadist force known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, or ISIS. The Islamic State promoted a strategy of unspeakable brutality as a way of intimidating its rivals and driving Westerners from the Middle East.
ISIS got its start after the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 when Jordanian Abu Musab al-Zarqawi organized "al-Qaeda in Iraq," a hyper-violent Sunni militia that targeted Iraq's Shiites and destroyed their mosques, touching off a vicious sectarian war across Iraq.
After Zarqawi's death in 2006 -- and the alienation of less-extreme Iraqi Sunnis -- al-Qaeda in Iraq faded from view before reemerging in Syria's civil war, refashioned as the Islamic State and crossing back into Iraq with a major offensive last summer.
Amid reports of the Islamic State massacring captives and beheading American and British hostages, it no longer seemed so far-fetched that some Syrian rebel group would be ruthless enough to obtain Sarin and launch an attack near Damascus, killing innocents and hoping that the Assad regime would be blamed.
Even the Post's Ignatius is looking more skeptically at the Syrian rebel movement and the various U.S.-allied intelligence agencies that have been supplying money, weapons and training -- even to fighters associated with the most extreme militias.
Opening the Door
In a column on Friday, Ignatius faulted not only Syria's squabbling "moderate opposition" but "the foreign nations -- such as the United States, Turkey, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Jordan -- that have been funding the chaotic melange of fighters inside Syria. These foreign machinations helped open the door for the terrorist Islamic State group to threaten the region."
Ignatius acknowledged that the earlier depiction of the Syrian opposition as simply an indigenous movement of idealistic reformers was misleading. He wrote:
"From the beginning of the revolt against President Bashar al-Assad in 2011, Syria has been the scene of a proxy war involving regional powers: Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar all wanted to topple Assad, but they competed with each other as regional rivals, too."At various points, all three nations provided Sunni rebel groups with money and weapons that ended up in the hands of extremists. " The United States, Saudi Arabia and Jordan joined forces in 2013 to train and arm moderate rebels at a CIA-backed camp in Jordan. But this program was never strong enough to unify the nearly 1,000 brigades scattered across the country. The resulting disorganization helped discredit the rebel alliance known as the Free Syrian Army.
"Syrian rebel commanders deserve some blame for this ragged structure. But the chaos was worsened by foreign powers that treated Syria as a playground for their intelligence services. This cynical intervention recalled similar meddling that helped ravage Lebanon, Afghanistan, Yemen, Iraq and Libya during their civil wars. ...
"The story of how Syria became a cockpit for rival intelligence services was explained to me by sources here [in Istanbul] and in Reyhanli, a rebel staging area on the Turkey-Syria border. Outside efforts to arm and train the Syrian rebels began more than two years ago in Istanbul, where a 'military operations center' was created, first in a hotel near the airport.
"A leading figure was a Qatari operative who had helped arm the Libyan rebels who deposed Moammar Gaddafi. Working with the Qataris were senior figures representing Turkish and Saudi intelligence. But unity within the Istanbul operations room frayed when the Turks and Qataris began to support Islamist fighters they thought would be more aggressive.
"These jihadists did emerge as braver, bolder fighters -- and their success was a magnet for more support. The Turks and Qataris insist they didn't intentionally support the extremist group Jabhat al-Nusra or the Islamic State. But weapons and money sent to more moderate Islamist brigades made their way to these terrorist groups, and the Turks and Qataris turned a blind eye."
Regarding the rise of these radicals, Ignatius quoted one Arab intelligence source who claimed to have "warned a Qatari officer, who answered: 'I will send weapons to al-Qaeda if it will help' topple Assad. This determination to remove Assad by any means necessary proved dangerous. 'The Islamist groups got bigger and stronger, and the FSA day by day got weaker,' recalls the Arab intelligence source."
Selling the Sarin Story
Based on such information, the idea of anti-Assad extremists securing Sarin -- possibly with the help of Turkish intelligence, as Hersh reported -- and launching a provocative attack with the goal of getting the U.S. military to devastate Assad's army and clear a path for a rebel victory begins to make sense.
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