In Colorado Springs we tend to concentrate on the problems of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in military men and women, a natural bias given our huge military presence. We have also long noted that any man, or woman, who goes through an abusive intimate relationship is almost certain to suffer some level of post traumatic stress that, all too often, develops into PTSD.

However, as Dr. Tudor notes below, PTSD is found in all professions where high stress and traumatic situations occur. Also, we have tended to concentrate on the research and symptoms of the problem, for example see PTSD and TBI Are Not Domestic Violence. But an academic approach is frequently of little use to one suffering from the disorder. Thus, the anecdotes presented by Dr. Tudor in her article below present a much better picture of what PTSD looks and feels like to the individual.

Her work is with corrections officers, many of them at Supermax, America's maximum security prison, where obviously the stress levels are high. But members of any similar profession, police, fire fighters, military, etc., often suffer from the same problems and, all too frequently, are ashamed to seek assistance. It is hoped the following anecdotes will help some recognize their problem and seek treatment. You may also recognize some of these behaviors in your friends and coworkers. If so, encourage them to seek help. And PTSD treatment can be effective, particularly if sought early.

Chuck Corry

Equal Justice Foundation

Shameful Secret? Post-traumatic Symptoms in the Corrections Ranks

by Catarina Spinaris Tudor, Ph.D.

The following article appeared originally as the April 2010 Correctional Oasis newsletter,

Volume 7, Issue 4, of the Desert Waters foundation

It is reproduced here with permission of the author

The anecdotes presented below are used with permission. Some details are changed. If your own issues get triggered as a result of reading this, please see suggestions for help at the end of the article.

March 15, 2010 - When I began talking and counseling with corrections personnel in the year 2000, I noticed that several of them suffered from post-traumatic symptoms. Some even exhibited full-blown PTSD, often self-medicated with alcohol.

I also noticed that, in the proud corrections culture, staff abhorred to admit that they had been negatively affected by traumatic work experiences. Theyd often say, Im good. It was just an inmate. But their eyes had the 2,000-yard stare.
It didnt take me long to realize that staff feel ashamed about being affected by life-threatening or horrifically violent work-related circumstances. Due to lack of understanding of what psychological trauma does to peoples brain, soul and spirit, some corrections staff even call traumatized coworkers weak. Consequently, trauma sufferers may refuse treatment, sentencing themselves to long-term torment.
Psychological trauma occurs (a) when people are exposed to circumstances that threaten their life or physical integrity or the life or physical integrity of others; and (b) when they experience intense fear for their lives, helplessness because they cannot stop the traumatic event, or horror due to the gruesome scenes of injury or death they witness.
What does psychological trauma look like in the corrections ranks?

Here I offer some examples, by category of PTSD symptoms. For simplicitys sake Ill use the term C.O. and he. However, these examples are not limited to security staff or males. They are found among both genders and in all ranks and positions.

Physiological Arousal

C.O. suffers from insomnia, so much so, that he has been consuming large amounts of alcohol to fall asleep. While sleeping, he thrashes about and grinds his teeth. He fights inmates in his nightmares to the point that he has elbowed and punched his wife as she slept next to him. She now sleeps in the spare bedroom. Sometimes he wakes up at 2:00 AM and cannot go back to sleep.

C.O. seeks help after becoming terrified that he may hurt family members without meaning to. His 4-year old daughter walked into her parents bedroom one night after having had a bad dream. As she tried to climb onto their bed, she bumped against him. C.O. became fully awake due to his wifes screaming, No! Its Susie! C.O. realized that, startled in his sleep, he had grabbed his daughter by the throat and was hauling off to punch her in the face. All that had happened in an instant, before he could become fully conscious. C.O. is almost always irritable. To release his anger ¹to have an adrenaline dump, as he calls it ¹he purposely provokes inmates by staring at them and by saying humiliating things to them in front of their homies. As he gets ready for work, C.O. begins to sweat profusely. Sometimes he has to change his undershirt and shirt before leaving the house, because dark stains start to show under his armpits and on his chest and back. He of course does not want inmates or staff to notice. The sweating, at times accompanied by a slight uncontrollable shaking and weak knees, worsens as he gets through the prison gate. He also sweats at night to the point that in the morning the mattress is soaked. C.O. has become prone to rages. After particularly hard shifts he drives home at 90mph in 65mph zones screaming at the top of his lungs. C.O. can see fear in his childrens eyes when he approaches them. His wife has pleaded with him to not give her the prison look anymore. She has told him that when he gets enraged at her, she is afraid he wants to kill her. Wherever C.O. goes, he believes people are watching and studying him. He hides behind dark sunglasses. To lessen his anxiety, he avoids public places as much as possible. His wife does all the shopping now. When he cannot avoid going to a public place, he feels vulnerable, in danger. To him everyone he comes across may be affiliated with a gang or be an inmate family member. At times he gets so worked up in a public venue that he goes to the bathroom and vomits. A C.O. is confronted by a road rage young guy who, at a stop sign, jumps out of his car and starts screaming at him. In a flash, the C.O. bolts out of his vehicle and lifts the guy off the ground. He raises him up over his head and body-slams him on the pavement. He then restrains him and talks to him, like he would with an inmate. Dude, its over now. Just relax and let go. C.O. realizes that he only remembers the beginning and the end of the event. Later on his wife fills him in. She witnessed the event while sitting petrified in their vehicle. C.O. worries greatly about his familys safety. He has installed several security devices in his home and has hidden weapons in key locations in his house. After an inmate escapes from a nearby prison, C.O. booby traps his back door and patrols his living room every night, fully armed, until the inmate is apprehended. C.O. becomes so afraid that its going to be his life or an inmates life, that he does the unthinkable. When he gets home, he takes a steak knife and practices putting it through his belt buckle. He even tapes the handle with black tape to make it blend with his belt. He then rehearses pulling it out rapidly. In his mind he practices slashing the inmates throat with one swift move as the inmate is coming at him. C.O. goes to work armed with the knife hidden under his jersey. C.O. is so locked onto the moment, what he believes is the battle for his life, that he does not consider consequences of his actions. He never stops to ask himself what may happen to him and his family if he indeed hurt the inmate. Having seen so much killing and wounding, he has lost his inhibition about causing serious injury or even death to someone. Thankfully, miraculously, the inmate pleads to have all animosities between the two of them dropped and asks to be put in segregation.

Intrusive Memories

C.O. who was assaulted by an inmate has a flashback of the attack while driving. To avoid the inmate in his minds eye, he ducks and swerves, driving his vehicle into the ditch. As the flashback subsides, he sits in his car shaking until he can compose himself enough to drive to his destination.

C.O. has nightmares about the violent incident he witnessed. The nightmares are like a movie playing or a slide show of the event. The images remain unaltered, identical to those on the day of the incident. He wakes up with a start, sweating, heart racing. To avoid reliving the event in his sleep, he tries to stay awake as much as he can. When anyone mentions a gruesome inmate murder that C.O. witnessed, he sees the image in his minds eye, hears the gurgling last sounds of the stab victim and smells the blood all over again. The rest of the day he keeps having images of the murder pop up in his mind unbidden and causing him grave distress. At night he has 10 beers before he can go to sleep.

Avoidance & Emotional Numbing

Since a life-threatening incident at work, C.O. has withdrawn from social activities in his community. He now feels safe only at home because he believes that he can control what happens there.

C.O. now sends his family members to get the mail from the mailbox in front of his house. He is uncomfortable getting the mail himself because you never know who may be driving by and see me standing there. When asked by family about how is doing at work, C.O.s response is typically Not much is going on or I dont want to talk about it. C.O. now avoids friends who do not work in corrections. He cannot relate to them, their interests and their ways of having fun. Instead, he spends hours playing computer and video games at home. C.O. is told by coworkers that in the heat of responding to a prolonged, particularly life-threatening incident, he did and said things that he does not remember doing or saying. C.O. avoids going to grocery stores or malls. He is afraid that some punk there may provoke him by staring at him or by saying something, and that hell lose self-control and get arrested for taking him down or worse. C.O.s young daughter comes to him crying after she falls and skins her knees while bicycling. While tending to her injury, he realizes that he cannot feel compassion for her like he used to. He remembers that he felt nothing while performing CPR on the dead body of an inmate who had committed suicide by hanging. C.O. feels like his life has lost its flavor and color. Even pleasant family activities that he used to enjoy now feel to him to be empty, meaningless. C.O. is haunted by the fear that he will die soon. When he goes to bed at night he wonders if hell be alive the next day. Heparticularly fears dying by the hand of an inmate. To defy these fears, he dares death by taking serious risks while riding his motorcycle on winding mountain roads. Fearing he may get attacked by inmates, C.O. trains himself on his own time to endure physical pain and duress in order to be able to fight in spite of pain or injury. He takes that to the extreme, putting his health and safety at risk.

These are some examples of post-traumatic symptoms experienced by correctional workers. Even if an employee suffers from only one symptom, home life and work performance are impacted, affecting ones overall quality of life. That is why the issue of post-traumatic stress needs to be addressed in corrections in depth, as is currently done in the military. And, as you probably know, several corrections employees are also war veterans, compounding the risk of post-traumatic stress and its dire consequences.
Administrators and supervisors, let your staff know that corrections workers do get affected by what they experience at work, and that these effects have nothing to do with weakness. Terror and horror leave hard-to-erase imprints on peoples brain, soul and spirit. These traumatic memories and associated reactions can pop up again and again, unexpectedly and out of control, unless they are processed and digested.

I implore those of you who relate to these symptomsto get appropriate help to get better and to prevent hurting yourself, your loved ones, those at work or innocent bystanders.

If youve been triggered by reading this, you have several good options. Contact Desert Waters at 719-784-4727 or desertwaters@desertwaters.com. Call our Corrections Ventline at 866-YOU-VENT. Write us at youvent@desertwaters.com. Seek professional help through your EAP, mental health specialists in posttraumatic stress treatment, or clergy.

Do not put it off any longer.

Pursue your healing!

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EJF newsletter - Shameful Secret? Post-traumatic Symptoms in the Corrections Ranks by Caterina Spinaris Tudor Ph.D.