"Enhanced" Interrogation Techniques: The Risk of Criminality

xiii 18 U.S.C. § 2340.

xiv 18 U.S.C. § 2340(2). (defining the term “severe mental pain or suffering”) (emphasis added)

xv Id.

xvi National Defense Authorization Act ,§ 1403..

xvii Letter from Allen S. Keller, Program Dir., Bellevue/NYU Program for Survivors of Torture, Gerald P. Koocher, President, American Psychological Association, Burton J. Lee, Physician to the President for George H.W. Bush, Bradley D. Olson, Chair, Divisions for Social Justice, American Psychological Association, Pedro Ruiz, President of the American Psychiatric Association), Steven S. Sharfstein, Immediate Past President, American Psychiatric Association, Brigadier General Stephen N. Xenakis, (Ret. U.S.A) and Philip G. Zimbardo, Prof. Emeritus, Stanford & past President, American Psychological Association, to Sen. John McCain (Sept. 21, 2006) available at http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/news-2006-09-22.htm (accessed Apr. 26, 2007).

xviii PHYSICIANS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, BREAK THEM DOWN: THE SYSTEMATIC USE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TORTURE BY U.S. FORCES,48-72 (2005), available at http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/report-2005-may.html (accessed Apr. 26, 2007) [hereinafter PHR, BREAK THEM DOWN].

xix Basoglu, M., et al., “Torture vs Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment,” Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 64, No. 3, March 2007, pp. 277-285.

xx AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION, DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL, (Washington, DC. 4th Ed. 2000) (serves as the main diagnostic reference of mental health professionals in the United States of America) [hereinafter APA MANUAL]; U.N. OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, ISTANBUL PROTOCOL: MANUAL ON THE EFFECTIVE INVESTIGATION AND DOCUMENTATION OF TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN AND DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT 44 (2001). [hereinafter ISTANBUL PROTOCOL] The UN Commission on Human Rights in April, 2000, and the General Assembly on December, 2000, adopted resolution 55/89, the “Principles on the effective investigation and documentation of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”, commonly known as the Istanbul Protocol. The Istanbul Protocol is intended to provide international guidelines for the assessment of victims who alleged torture and ill-treatment and describes the fundamental principles of any viable investigation into incidents of torture. The manual was the result of three years of work of more than 75 experts in law, health and human rights, representing 40 organizations or institutions from 15 countries.; Ronald C. Kessler, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Burden to the Individual and to Society, 61 J. CLIN. PSYCHIATRY 61(suppl. 5) 4–12 (2000).

xxi Moisander PA & Erik Edston, Torture and its sequel--a comparison between victims from six countries, Forensic Science International. 137(2-3):133-40 (Nov. 26, 2003).

xxii Mollica RF. Surviving torture. New England Journal of Medicine. 351(1):5-7, 2004 Jul 1.

xxiii ISTANBUL PROTOCOL, supra note 20 at 44.

xxiv MAJ. GEN. GEORGE R. FAY, AR 15-6 INVESTIGATION OF INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES AT ABU GHRAIB, Aug. 2004, at 9-10, available at http://www4.army.mil/ocpa/reports/ar15-6/AR15-6.pdf (accessed Apr. 26, 2007); see also PHR BREAK THEM DOWN, supra note 18, at 7.

xxv See generally ISTANBUL PROTOCOL, supra note 20.

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