Clark, Joseph T. Conventional Logic and Modern Logic: A Prelude to Transition. Washington, DC: American Catholic Philosophical Association, 1952. Cited by Ong. See the index for quantification.
Crosby, Alfred W. The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society, 1250-1600. Cambridge, England: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1997.
Hay, Cynthia, ed. Mathematics from Manuscript to Print 1300-1600. Oxford: Clarendon Press of OxfordUniversity Press, 1988.
Hobart, Michael E. and Zachary S. Schiffman. Information Ages: Literacy, Numeracy, and the Computer Revolution. Baltimore, Maryland; and London, England: JohnsHopkinsUniversity Press, 1998.
Kneale, William and Martha Kneale. The Development of Logic. Oxford: Clarendon Press of OxfordUniversity Press, 1962. See the index for quantification.
Ong, Walter J. Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason. Cambridge, Massachusetts: HarvardUniversity Press, 1958. A classic study of print culture. Regarding the quantification of thought, see especially pages 53-91. In The Barbarian Within: And Other Fugitive Essays (New York: Macmillan, 1962: 72), Ong explains the overall import of the quantification of thought in medieval logic: "In this historical perspective, medieval scholastic logic appears as a kind of premathemics, a subtle and unwitting preparation for the large-scale operations in quantitative modes of thinking which will characterize the modern world. In assessing the meaning of [medieval] scholasticism, one must keep in mind an important and astounding fact: in the whole history of the human mind, mathematics and mathematical physics come into their own, in a way which has changed the face of the earth and promises or threatens to change it even more, at only one place and time, that is, in Western Europe immediately after the [medieval] scholastic experience [in short, in print culture]. Elsewhere, no matter how advanced the culture on other scores, and even along mathematical lines, as in the case of the Babylonian, nothing like a real mathematical transformation of thinking takes place not among the ancient Egyptians or Assyrians or Greeks or Romans, not among the peoples of India nor the Chinese nor the Japanese, not among the Aztecs or Mayas, not in Islam despite the promisings beginnings there, any more than among the Tartars or the Avars or the Turks. These people can all now share the common scientific knowledge, but the scientific tradition itself which they share is not a merging of various parallel discoveries made by their various civilizations. It represents a new state of mind. However great contributions other civilizations may hereafter make to the tradition, our scientific world traces its origins back always to seventeenth and sixteenth century Europe [in short, to Copernicus and Galileo], to the place where for some three centuries and more the [medieval] arts course taught in universities and parauniversity schools had pounded into the heads of youth a study program consisting almost exclusively of a highly quantified logic and a companion physics, both taught on a scale and with an enthusiasm never approximated or even dreamt of in ancient academies" (emphasis added). Ong's 1958 book about Ramus and Ramism was reprinted in 2004 by the University of Chicago Press with a new foreword by Adrian Johns.
Quine, Willard Van Orman. Mathematical Logic, 2nd ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: HarvardUniversity Press, 1951. Cited by Ong. See the index for quantification.
SELECTED WORKS ABOUT AGONISTIC STRUCTURES
Appleby, Joyce. Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism. New York and London: W. W. Norton, 2010. What Appleby refers to as relentless revolution involves the agonistic structures of the human psyche, which capitalism takes to a new level as does modern science.
Bakan, David. The Duality of Human Existence: An Essay on Psychology and Religion. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966. David Bakan defines and explains two central tendencies in human nature, which he refers to as agency and communion. What he means by agency is the psychodynamism of the agonistic spirit discussed by Walter J. Ong. In The Psychology of Gender, 3rd ed. (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2009), Vicki S. Helgeson works with Bakan's terms of agency and communion. In my article "The Female and Male Modes of Rhetoric" in the professional journal College English (Urbana, Illinois), 40, 8 (April 1979): 909-21, I have defined two modes of rhetoric that decidedly resemble what Bakan means by agency and communion. On page 910, I make the following brief characterizations: "The thinking represented in the female mode [of rhetoric] seems eidetic, methectic, open-ended, and generative, whereas the thinking in the male mode [of rhetoric] appears framed, contained, more pre-selected, and packaged."
Bloom, Harold. Agon: Towards a Theory of Revisionism. Oxford and New York: OxfordUniversity Press, 1982.
Bowra, C. M. Heroic Poetry. London: Macmillan, 1952.
Broich, Ulrich. The Eighteenth-Century Mock-Heroic Poem, translated from the 1968 German original by David Henry Wilson. Cambridge, England: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1990. In The Barbarian Within: And Other Fugitive Essays and Studies (New York: Macmillan, 1962: 188-89, 218), Walter J. Ong discusses the mock epic as a manifestation of the humanist shift toward writing, which meant the waning of the old oral agonistic tendencies linked to the Latin language.
Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces, 3rd ed. Novato, California: New World Library, 2008. Very accessible.
Deme, Mariam Konate. Heroism and the Supernatural in the African Epic. New York and London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2010, forthcoming.
Farrell, Thomas J. "Faulkner and Male Agonism." In Dennis L. Weeks and Jane Hoogestraat, eds., Time, Memory, and the Verbal Arts: Essays on the Thought of Walter Ong. Cranbury, NJ, and London, UK: Associated University Presses, 1998. 203-21. Explores an important theme in Faulkner's life and novels.
