US Threats Mount Against Journalists, Snowden

Congressional leaders and representatives of the US military-intelligence apparatus have stepped up their threats against Edward Snowden and the journalists who have worked with him to expose massive illegal spying by the National Security Agency (NSA).

At a hearing Tuesday of the House Intelligence Committee, Chairman Mike Rogers, a Michigan Republican, repeatedly suggested that journalists who received leaked NSA documents from Snowden and wrote articles about them were guilty of criminal acts.

These statements follow published death threats against Snowden from unnamed military and intelligence officials and demands from the Obama administration that he plead guilty and turn himself in.

Rogers engaged his main witness at Tuesday's hearing, FBI Director James Comey, in a lengthy exchange over whether an unnamed journalist would be guilty of "fencing stolen material" if he published articles based on the Snowden revelations. Because reporters are paid for their work, Rogers suggested, they were engaged in selling stolen material for profit. He posed the question to Comey, "If I'm hocking stolen classified material that I'm not legally in possession of for personal gain and profit, is that not a crime?"

Comey was more cautious in his public utterances, agreeing that a journalist who sold stolen jewelry was guilty of a crime, but suggesting stolen documents might not be as clear a case. "I think that's a harder question because it involves a news-gathering function," he said. It "could have First Amendment implications," he added. [Emphasis added].

However, Comey did not rule out prosecution. Rogers continued, "So if I'm a newspaper reporter for -- fill in the blank -- and I sell stolen material, is that legal because I'm a newspaper reporter?"

Comey eventually declared, after being pressed by Rogers, "I don't want to talk about the case in particular because it's an active investigation of ours."

Rogers then asked, "It's an active investigation for accomplices brokering in stolen information?" Comey replied, "We are looking at the totality of the circumstances around the theft and promulgation."

After the hearing, Rogers made it clear that one of the journalists he had in mind was Glenn Greenwald, the former Guardian reporter who has written numerous articles on the NSA based on his access to the trove of documents taken by Snowden. "For personal gain, he's now selling his access to information, that's how they're terming it," Rogers claimed. "A thief selling stolen material is a thief."

Rogers also said, referring to Snowden himself, "I can tell you from a whole series of classified meetings, the folks who do this for a living believe he is under the influence of the Russians."

The obvious conclusion of the exchange between Rogers and Comey is that the Obama administration is considering criminal charges against Greenwald, as well as filmmaker Laura Poitras and Washington Post contributor Barton Gellman, who also have access to the Snowden documents and have reported on them.

Greenwald strongly defended his actions and the actions of his fellow journalists in interviews and Twitter postings after the House committee hearing. "There's something that has become pretty sick about DC political culture if the idea of prosecuting journalists is now this mainstream," he said on Twitter. "The main value in bandying about theories of prosecuting journalists is the hope that it will bolster the climate of fear for journalism."

No journalist has ever been prosecuted in the United States on the claim that receiving unauthorized information was akin to receipt of stolen goods. Greenwald added, "What they're trying to do is to remove it from the realm of journalism so that they can then criminalize it."

The McCarthy-style threats against journalists by Rogers came amid mounting threats against Snowden and his allies by top military-intelligence officials.

Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, speaking at another hearing Tuesday, referred to the journalists who have extensively reported on the NSA as "accomplices" of Snowden, a term suggesting co-conspirators in a criminal enterprise. This comment followed Clapper's testimony the previous week before the Senate Intelligence Committee, where he denounced Snowden as the architect of the "most damaging theft of intelligence information in our history."

Army Lt. Gen. Michael Flynn, who commands the Defense Intelligence Agency, and Matt Olsen, chief of the National Counterterrorism Center, claimed that Snowden's revelations had resulted in changes in how Al Qaeda and other terrorist groups conduct their communications activities.